Gelineau syndrome, also known as narcolepsy with cataplexy, is a rare neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden loss of muscle tone, often triggered by strong emotions. It is named after the French physician Jean-Baptiste Gelineau, who first described the condition in the early 20th century.
People with Gelineau syndrome experience extreme daytime sleepiness, which can cause sudden, uncontrollable bouts of sleep, even during inappropriate times or activities. These sleep attacks can occur multiple times throughout the day and may last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes. Along with excessive sleepiness, individuals with Gelineau syndrome may also experience sleep paralysis, a temporary inability to move or speak upon waking up or falling asleep.
Another hallmark symptom of Gelineau syndrome is cataplexy, which is the sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by strong emotions such as laughter, anger, or surprise. During a cataplectic episode, the affected person may experience weakness in the muscles, leading to partial or complete collapse. While cataplexy is distinctive to narcolepsy with cataplexy, not all individuals with Gelineau syndrome will experience it.
The exact cause of Gelineau syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to an autoimmune response in which the body's immune system attacks the cells that produce hypocretin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating wakefulness and sleep. Gelineau syndrome can significantly impact a person's quality of life and interfere with their daytime functioning. Treatment typically involves the use of medications, lifestyle modifications, and support in managing the symptoms.
