Hypoglossal Nerve Palsies, also known as hypoglossal nerve palsy or cranial nerve XII dysfunction, refer to a medical condition characterized by weakness or paralysis of the muscles innervated by the hypoglossal nerve. The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the twelfth cranial nerve, is responsible for controlling the movement and function of the muscles of the tongue.
Patients with hypoglossal nerve palsies typically exhibit difficulty in speaking, chewing, swallowing, and articulating words. The affected individual may experience slurred speech or have problems sticking out or moving their tongue properly. Furthermore, these palsies can lead to the tongue deviating toward the affected side due to the imbalance of muscle strength.
The most common causes of hypoglossal nerve palsies include trauma, such as head or neck injuries, infections (e.g., viral or bacterial), tumors or growths compressing the nerve, and neurological disorders like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Guillain-Barre syndrome. In some cases, the exact cause may remain unknown.
Diagnosis of hypoglossal nerve palsies involves a comprehensive physical examination, medical history review, and often requires diagnostic testing such as electromyography (EMG) or nerve conduction studies to evaluate the nerve function.
Management of hypoglossal nerve palsies depends on the underlying cause. Treatments may include addressing any primary medical conditions, surgical intervention to alleviate nerve compression if applicable, and supportive therapies aimed at improving speech, swallowing, and oral motor function. In some instances, physical therapy or speech therapy may be recommended to enhance muscle strength and coordination, facilitating the recovery process.
