John Marshall Harlan (1833-1911) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He is best known for his strong defense of individual rights, particularly in cases involving civil liberties and racial equality.
Born in Kentucky, Harlan descended from a prominent political family. Initially a Whig, he later became a Republican, supporting the Union during the Civil War. Harlan's legal career began in private practice, where he earned a reputation as an effective advocate. In 1877, he was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Harlan's jurisprudence was characterized by his deep commitment to the Constitution and its protection of individual liberties. He consistently argued for the preservation of civil rights and equal treatment under the law. Notably, Harlan dissented in the infamous Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, where the Court upheld racial segregation, and famously declared that "our Constitution is color-blind."
Throughout his tenure on the Court, Harlan displayed a combination of judicial restraint and activism. While he respected precedent and the principles of federalism, he was not afraid to confront and challenge legal doctrines that he believed violated fundamental rights. His opinions often emphasized the importance of due process, equal protection, and the role of the Judiciary in safeguarding constitutional rights.
John Marshall Harlan's legacy as a champion of civil liberties and equality made a lasting impact on American jurisprudence. His unwavering commitment to protecting individual rights has solidified his reputation as one of the most influential justices in the nation's history.
