Nephropathia epidemica, also known as epidemic nephropathy, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the kidneys, which is caused by a particular strain of hantavirus known as Puumala virus. It is primarily prevalent in Europe, particularly in countries such as Finland, Sweden, and Germany.
This condition is classified as a zoonotic infection, as it is transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents, primarily bank voles. The virus is typically spread through direct contact with saliva, urine, or feces of infected animals, or through inhalation of aerosolized particles containing the virus.
Symptoms of nephropathia epidemica may include fever, headache, muscle aches, abdominal pain, decreased urine output, and in severe cases, renal failure. The disease progresses in three distinct phases: febrile, hypotensive, and oliguric. In the hypotensive phase, individuals may experience low blood pressure and bleeding disorders. The oliguric phase is characterized by reduced urine production. Recovery from nephropathia epidemica can vary, with some patients experiencing complete resolution of symptoms, while others may develop chronic kidney disease.
Diagnosis of nephropathia epidemica typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests to detect specific antibodies or viral genetic material, and exclusion of other potential causes of renal disease. Treatment primarily focuses on supportive care, including intravenous fluids to maintain hydration, management of complications, and sometimes, dialysis in severe cases.
Prevention of nephropathia epidemica involves minimizing exposure to rodents and their excreta, implementing proper hand hygiene practices, and utilizing personal protective measures, particularly for individuals who work or live in high-risk areas.
