Onco suppressor genes, also known as tumor suppressor genes or anti-oncogenes, refer to a specific group of genes that play a crucial role in preventing the development and progression of cancer. These genes encode proteins that help regulate cell growth, division, and repair, ensuring the normal functioning of cells and preventing the formation of tumors.
The function of onco suppressor genes can be likened to a "brake pedal" for cell division. They act as guardians of the genome, maintaining the integrity of the cellular DNA by detecting and repairing any potential damage or mutations. They also have the ability to induce cell death (apoptosis) to eliminate cells with irreparable DNA damage.
Mutations or alterations in onco suppressor genes can significantly disrupt their normal functioning. When these genes are inactivated or impaired, unchecked cell growth and accumulation of genetic mistakes can occur, leading to the development of cancer. Such mutations can be inherited from parents, as in the case of familial cancer syndromes, or acquired during a person's lifetime through exposure to certain carcinogens or as a consequence of other genetic mutations.
Well-known examples of onco suppressor genes include p53, BRCA1, BRCA2, APC, and PTEN. Mutations in these genes have been linked to various types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, colorectal, and lung cancers.
Understanding the role and function of onco suppressor genes is crucial for diagnosing and treating cancer. Research focused on these genes helps in developing targeted therapies and early detection methods to effectively manage and prevent cancer.
