How Do You Spell TOXIC HEMOGLOBINURIA?

1. Toxic hemoglobinuria, also known as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), is a rare blood disorder characterized by the spontaneous destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis) due to an abnormality in the cell membrane that renders the cells sensitive to the immune system's attack.

   This condition leads to the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream, resulting in red or brown-colored urine and anemia. The hemoglobinuria occurs mainly during the night or early morning, hence the term "paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria."

   The abnormality in PNH is caused by a mutation in the PIG-A gene, which affects the production of certain proteins responsible for attaching protective proteins to the cell membrane, particularly those that regulate the immune system's response. Consequently, affected individuals have weakened red blood cells that are more susceptible to being targeted and destroyed by the body's immune system.

   Symptoms of toxic hemoglobinuria may also include fatigue, shortness of breath, pale skin, abdominal pain, and blood clots. The severity of the condition can vary, ranging from mild to life-threatening, depending on the extent of red blood cell destruction and associated complications.

   Although there is no cure for toxic hemoglobinuria, treatment options aim to manage symptoms and complications. Medications such as eculizumab may be prescribed to prevent hemolysis and reduce the risk of blood clots. Blood transfusions and iron supplements may also be necessary to counteract anemia. In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant may be considered. Regular monitoring and follow-up with a hematologist is crucial to manage the ongoing impact of toxic hemoglobinuria and optimize the individual's quality of life.

2. H. occurring after the ingestion of various poisons, in certain blood diseases, and in the course of certain infections.

   A practical medical dictionary. By Stedman, Thomas Lathrop. Published 1920.

Common Misspellings for TOXIC HEMOGLOBINURIA

The word "toxic hemoglobinuria" does not seem to have a specific etymology as it is a medical term that combines existing words to describe a specific condition. Here is a breakdown of the components:

1. Toxic: Derived from the Greek word "toxikon", meaning poison or venom. It refers to substances that are harmful and can cause damage or illness.

2. Hemoglobinuria: A compound word consisting of "hemoglobin" and "uria".

- Hemoglobin: From the Greek words "haima" meaning blood, and "globin" meaning globular protein. It refers to the complex protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

- Ur- or uri-: A combining form used to denote urine or related to urine.

- Uria: A suffix used in medical terminology to indicate the presence of a substance in the urine.